#PASHTO GRAMMAR PDF PDF#
#PASHTO GRAMMAR PDF DOWNLOAD#

Nouns with -Гє- or -Гі- in the last syllable change them to -ДЃ. The take -Й™МЃ in the plural and oblique forms. They are subject to various alterations inside the stems. In class 2 there's only masculine nouns, both animate and inanimate. Special thanks are due to both of them with the core of my heart. Ishfaq Ullah also helped me in providing research material and other relevant documentation. Dear friend and a young scholar of English and Pashto Literature Mr. In Southern Pashto they are ЫЊШ§Щ†ЩЉ -yДЃМЃni, Ъ«Ш§Щ†ЩЉ -gДЃМЃni and Щ€ЩЉ -wi (the last one is not as common as in Northern Pashto and is mostly restricted to a few nouns). Pashto Tappa' and supported me on every step during the fulfillment of this research work. There are also feminine nouns ending in other vowels, particularly -e (they take ЫЊШ§Щ†Ыђ -yДЃМЃne in the plural) and -ДЃ or -o (thay take either Ъ«Ш§Щ†Ыђ -gДЃМЃne or Щ€Ыђ -we). For example, the plural of ШіШЄШ±Ъ«Щ‡ stУ™МЃrga 'eye' and Щ„Ш§Ш± lДЃr 'way' would be ШіШЄШ±Ъ«Ыђ stУ™МЃrge and Щ„Ш§Ш±Ыђ lДЃМЃre in the North, but ШіШЄШ±Ъ«ЩЉ stУ™МЃrgi and Щ„Ш§Ш±ЩЉ lДЃМЃri in the South, while Щ…ЪјЩ‡ maб№‡ГЎ 'apple' and ШЄШ®ШЄЩ‡ taxtГЎ 'board' would be Щ…ЪјЫђ maб№‡Г© and ШЄШ®ШЄЫђ taxtГ© in both dialect groups. In Southern Pashto, the final -e is pronounced -i when unstressed.

A few feminine nouns end in a consonant, they still take the same endings. Easy Learning of English Language Izharulhaq Kamran AREP Provical Coordinator Email: i. Phone: +93. They change it to -e in the oblique cases and direct plural and to -o in oblique plural, independently of their animacy. Words ending in -ДЃCУ™МЃ pattern (like Щ€Ш§ШЇЫЂ wДЃdУ™МЃ 'wedding') have short -a- in plural.ДЇeminine nouns generally have final -a.

#PASHTO GRAMMAR PDF PDF#

A Reference Grammar Of Pashto - PDF - free courses below about adjectives, adverbs, articles. The nouns ending in -i, -ДЃ (these are always animate) or -u (these can be both animate and inanimate) take Ш§Щ† with -g-, -y- or -w- inserted between vowels. Southern Pashto Grammar and Pronunciation. The grammatical animacy usually corresponds with physical animacy, but there are some exceptions, like Щ…ЫђЪ“ЫЂ meб№›У™МЃ 'husband' is inanimate grammatically with plural Щ…ЫђЪ“Щ€Щ†Щ‡ meб№›Гєna, and ЩѕЩ„ pul 'bridge' is animate - ЩѕЩ„Ш§Щ† pulДЃМЃn. Masculine nouns ending in ЫЂ -У™ lose it when attaching the suffixes. Generally, animate masculine nouns take Ш§Щ† -ДЃМЃn in plural, and inanimate ones take Щ€Щ†Щ‡ -Гєna.

Likewise, it may be contraindicated by use of the word for 'one', ЩЉЩ€ as in 'ЩЉЩ€ Ш±Щ€ШєШЄЩ€Щ†' - 'a hospital'.Д¬lass 1 Masculine nouns But when necessary, definiteness may be indicated by other means such as demonstratives. Animate nouns' gender agrees with biological gender regardless of the ending. Gender of a noun is indicated by its ending. There are two genders: masculine and feminine. in ergative construction), and the ablative case is used with certain prepositions and with some numerals. The oblique case is used as prepositional case as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs (i.e. Pashto inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique, ablative (also known as oblique II) and vocative. When Щ‡Ш± /har, ar/ вЂeveryвЂ™ precedes the indefinite pronouns, the combination can mean everyone, everything, each one.In order to distinguish sentences with indefinites from questions, ЫЊЩ€ /yaw/ вЂoneвЂ™ may be added, to yield ЫЊЩ€ Ъ…Щ€Ъ© /yaw К¦ok/ вЂsomeoneвЂ™ and ЫЊЩ€ Ъ…Щ‡ /yaw К¦Й™/ вЂsomethingвЂ™.Note: Щ‡ШєЩ‡ as a demonstrative pronoun (that) has initial stress whereas the personal pronoun (he, she, it) has final stress.35.1.3.2.2 Negative placement in the perfective verb phrase.35.1.3.2.1 The verbal group in general Pashto.Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site.

#PASHTO GRAMMAR PDF DOWNLOAD#

28.3 Mixed ablative case and oblique cases Pashto grammar.pdf - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free.

15.2.1 Compound transitive verbs - split agreement.

14.2 3rd Person Past Singular Masculine.

3.1.3 Class I forms with stem allomorphy.

Subsequent chapters address grammatical forms and uses in the language, including: phonology and pronunciations Pashto word stock and their origins, borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Urdu, English, and Russian and other languages the Arabic-based writing system, written literature, alphabet, and punctuation nouns pronouns adjectives verb forms and verb uses prepositions simple sentence structure conjunction and subordinate clause structure. The first chapter gives background information on the people who speak it and the language (history, social status, dialects, standardization, and history of its study). Introductory sections in English and Pashto describe the content and organization. This grammar of Pashto was designed to accompany a set of beginning - and intermediate- level instructional materials for teaching the Pashto language to English speakers, but can be used separately as a reference by readers who are not learning the language.

Pashto grammar pdf